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supply-and-demand principle

Толкование Перевод

1 supply and demand

Econ

the quantity of goods available for sale at a given price, and the level of consumer need for those goods at a given price. The balance of supply and demand fluctuates as external economic factors such as the cost of materials and the level of competition in the marketplace influence the level of demand from consumers and the desire and ability of producers to supply the goods. Supply and demand is recognized as an economic principle, and is often referred to as the law of supply and demand.

The ultimate business dictionary > supply and demand
2 principle of supply and demand
1. принцип предложения и спроса
принцип предложения и спроса
Цена благ, услугили предметов потребления изменяется в обратной зависимости от их предложения и в прямой зависимости от спроса на них.
[ http://slovar-lopatnikov.ru/]

Тематики
- экономика
EN
- principle of supply and demand
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > principle of supply and demand
3 supply

I [sə'plaɪ] 1. сущ.
1) снабжение, поставка

to bring up / provide supplies — обеспечить снабжение, поставки

water supply — водоснабжение

supply ship / train — транспорт снабжения

fresh supplies — новые поступления, новые поставки

military supplies — военные поставки

power supply — электроснабжение, энергоснабжение

blood supply — кровоснабжение, приток крови

2)

а) замещение вакантной должности

б) временный заместитель

3) ( supplies)

а) ресурсы, припасы, запас; воен. продовольствие, провиант

food supplies — запасы продовольствия

ammunition supplies воен. — боеприпасы

to be in short supplies — быть в дефиците

to lay in supplies — делать запасы

to replenish supplies — пополнять запасы

to store supplies — делать запасы

abundant supplies; liberal supplies; plentiful supplies — богатые запасы

coal supplies — запасы угля

money supplies — денежные запасы

б) довольствие, содержание ( денежное)

в) утвержденные парламентом ассигнования

г) принадлежности, товары

office supplies — канцелярские принадлежности (товары)

4) эк. предложение

supply-and-demand principle — принцип спроса и предложения

Prices change according to demand and supply. — Цены меняются в зависимости от спроса и предложения.

5) тех. питание, подача, подвод, приток

supply canal — подводящий канал
2. гл.
1)

а) снабжать (чем-л.), поставлять; доставлять

Each soldier is supplied with two pairs of boots. — Каждому солдату выдаётся по две пары ботинок.

We can supply the goods from our main store. — Мы можем поставлять товары из нашего центрального магазина.

Syn:

furnish, provide, afford

б) добавлять (что-л. недостающее)

Supply words that are wanting. — Добавь недостающие слова.

2) восполнять, возмещать ( недостаток); удовлетворять (нужду, требование и т. п.)

Syn:

compensate

3)

а) заменять, замещать (кого-л. / что-л.)

The place of his casque was supplied by a large brown hood. (James) — Вместо шлема на нем был большой коричневый капюшон.

Syn:

replace

б) замещать в должности

4) тех. подавать, подводить ( о коммуникациях); питать
II ['sʌplɪ] нареч.
гибко

Англо-русский современный словарь > supply
4 принцип предложения и спроса
1. principle of supply and demand
принцип предложения и спроса
Цена благ, услугили предметов потребления изменяется в обратной зависимости от их предложения и в прямой зависимости от спроса на них.
[ http://slovar-lopatnikov.ru/]

Тематики
- экономика
EN
- principle of supply and demand
Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > принцип предложения и спроса
5 ley

f.

law (norma, precepto).

leyes law (derecho)

ganaron con todas las de la ley (informal) they won fair and square

de buena ley reliable, sterling

ley del embudo (informal) one law for oneself and another for everyone else

ley marcial martial law

ley de la oferta y la demanda law of supply and demand

ley sálica (history) Salic law

la Ley Seca (history) Prohibition

la ley de la selva the law of the jungle

ley de la ventaja (sport) advantage (law)

* * *

ley

► nombre femenino

1 (gen) law; (proyecto de ley) bill, act; (regla) rule

2 (de metal) purity

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

aprobar una ley to pass a bill

con todas las de la ley proper

de ley (oro) pure 2 (plata) sterling 3 (persona) genuine

¡es ley de vida! that's life!, that's the way the cookie crumbles!

estar fuera de la ley to be outside the law

hecha la ley, hecha la trampa whatever the law, there's always a loophole, laws are made to be broken

por ley by law

la ley del más fuerte the law of the jungle

ley del embudo double standards plural

ley marcial martial law

ley orgánica constitutional law

ley sálica Salic law

ley seca prohibition law

* * *

noun f.

1) law

2) purity

* * *

SF

1) (=precepto) law

aprobar o votar una ley — to pass a law

todos somos iguales ante la ley — we are all equal before the law

está por encima de la ley — he's above the law

está fuera de la ley — he's outside the law

un fuera de la ley — an outlaw

de acuerdo con la ley, según la ley — in accordance with the law, by law, in law

con todas las de la ley —

quieren crear una fundación con todas las de la ley — they want to set up a fully-fledged charitable trust

va a protestar, y con todas las de la ley — he's going to complain and rightly so

quiere celebrar su aniversario con todas las de la ley — she wants to celebrate her anniversary in style

- hecha la ley hecha la trampa

ley cambiaria — currency exchange regulations

ley de extranjería — immigration laws

ley de fugas, se le aplicó la ley de fugas — he was shot while trying to escape

ley fundamental — constitutional law

ley marcial — martial law

ley orgánica — constitutional law

ley seca — prohibition law

2) (=regla no escrita) law

ley de la calle — mob law, lynch law

ley de la selva — law of the jungle

ley del embudo — unfair law

ley del más fuerte — (principle of) might is right

ley del Talión — ( Hist) lex talionis; (fig) (principle of) an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth

3) (=principio científico) law

ley de la gravedad — law of gravity

ley de la oferta y la demanda — law of supply and demand

ley natural — (Fís) law of nature; (Ética) natural law

4) (Dep) rule, law

ley de la ventaja — advantage rule

5) (Rel)

la ley de Dios — the rule of God, God's law

ley de Moisés — the law of Moses

6) (Metal)

oro de ley — pure gold, standard gold

bajo de ley — base

ser de (buena) ley — to be genuine

ser de mala ley — to be a bad character

7) † (=lealtad) loyalty, devotion

tener/tomar ley a algn — to be/become devoted to sb

* * *

femenino

1) ( disposición legal) law

conforme a la ley — in accordance with the law

aplicar una ley — to apply a law

violar la ley — to break the law

atenerse a la ley — to obey the law

es ley de vida — it is a fact of life

hacerle la ley del hielo a alguien — (Chi, Méx) to give somebody the cold shoulder

la ley de la selva or de la jungla — the law of the jungle

la ley del más fuerte — the survival of the fittest

la ley del mínimo esfuerzo — the line of least resistance

la ley del talión — an eye for an eye

morir en su ley — (Andes) to die as one lived

quien hace la ley hace la trampa — every law has a loophole

ley pareja no es dura — (CS) a rule isn't unfair if it applies to everyone

- ley de fuga

- ley del embudo

- ley seca

2) ( justicia)

la ley — the law

somos iguales ante la ley — we are equal in the eyes of the law

un representante de la ley — a representative of the law

con todas las de la ley: ganó con todas las de la ley she won very deservedly; una comida con todas las de la ley a proper meal; una democracia con todas las de la ley — a fully-fledged democracy

- ley marcial/sálica

3) (Fís) law

- ley de la oferta y la demanda

4) (de oro, plata) assay value

de buena ley — genuine

* * *

= bill, law, legislative enactment, act.

Ex. The conference debated a library bill which aims to set up public libraries in all municipalities with over 30,000 inhabitants.

Ex. A catalogue code is a systematic arrangement of laws and statutes so as to avoid inconsistency and duplication in catalogues.

Ex. Apply this rule to legislative enactments and decrees of a political jurisdiction and decrees of a chief executive having the force of law.

Ex. This act allowed for the establishment of town libraries, which were free and open to all ratepayers and provided by funds from local rates.

----

* acatar la ley = follow + the law.

* acatar las leyes = keep on + the right side of the law.

* al borde de la ley = on the edge of the law.

* al margen de la ley = extra-judicial.

* ante la ley = at law.

* anteproyecto de ley = draft of legislation, draft bill.

* aprobar una ley = pass + law, pass + legislation, pass + bill.

* ausencia de ley = anomie.

* autoridad sancionadora de ley = enactor of law.

* castigar con todo el peso de la ley = punish + to the full extent of the law.

* confección de leyes = law-making [lawmaking/law making].

* con todas las de la ley = full-bodied, full-fledged, full-scale.

* con todo el peso de la ley = to the full extent of the law.

* contravenir la ley = contravene + the law, break + the law.

* contravenir una ley = be in breach of + law.

* creación de leyes = rulemaking [rule-making].

* creador de leyes = rule-maker [rulemaker].

* cumplidor de las leyes = law abiding.

* cumplir la ley = observe + the law.

* de acuerdo con la ley = according to law.

* de ley = kosher.

* dentro de la ley = within the law.

* elaboración de leyes = rulemaking [rule-making].

* espíritu de la ley, el = spirit of the law, the.

* formulación de leyes = rulemaking [rule-making].

* hacer cumplir la ley = law enforcement, enforce + law, legal enforcement.

* hacer las leyes más estrictas = tighten + laws.

* infractor de la ley = scofflaw.

* infringir la ley = break + the law.

* infringir una ley = infringe + law, violate + law, breach + law, be in breach of + law.

* interpretar la ley = interpret + the law.

* interpretar la ley según le convenga mejor a Uno = bend + the rules to suit + Posesivo + own purposes, bend + the rules, circumvent + rules.

* ir en contra de la ley = be against the law.

* legislación por decreto ley = delegated legislation.

* ley antigua = ancient law.

* ley antiterrorista = terrorism act.

* ley consuetudinaria = customary law.

* ley cósmica = cosmic law.

* ley de bibliotecas = library law.

* ley de bibliotecas, la = library act, the.

* ley de copyright = copyright law.

* ley de derechos de autor = copyright law.

* ley de dispersión = law of scattering.

* Ley de Dispersión de Bradford = Bradford's distribution law, Bradford's Law of Scatter, Bradford's Law of Scattering.

* ley de frecuencias de palabras de Zipf = Zipf's word frequency law.

* ley de la gravedad, la = law of gravity, the.

* ley de la oferta y la demanda = law of supply and demand.

* ley de la selva, la = law of the jungle, the.

* Ley del Derecho a la Privacidad = privacy law, privacy protection law, Privacy Act.

* ley del más fuerte, la = law of the jungle, the, law of the jungle, the, survival of the fittest, survival of the strongest.

* Ley de los Medicamentos Raros, la = Orphan Drug Act, the.

* ley de los rendimientos decrecientes = law of diminishing returns.

* Ley de Lotka, la = Lotka's Law.

* ley del secreto industrial = trade secret law.

* ley de Pareto = Pareto's law.

* ley de pesos y medidas = weights and measures act.

* ley de productividad científica de Lotka = Lotka's scientific productivity law.

* Ley de Propiedad Intelectual, la = intellectual property law, Copyright Act, the.

* ley de relación exponencial inversa al cuadrado = inverse square law.

* ley de relación exponencial inversa al cubo = inverse cube law.

* ley de responsabilidad por el producto = product liability law.

* Ley de Simplificación de los Procesos Administrativos = Paperwork Reduction Act.

* ley de sucesión = inheritance law.

* ley de vida = fact of life, laws of nature.

* ley draconiana = draconian law.

* leyes = the law of the land.

* leyes científicas = laws of physics.

* leyes contra la difamación = laws of libel.

* leyes de la ciencia = laws of physics.

* leyes de la física = laws of physics.

* leyes de la naturaleza = nature's laws, laws of nature.

* leyes sobre la igualdad = equity laws.

* leyes sobre patentes = patent law.

* leyes vigentes = the law of the land.

* ley exponencial = power law.

* ley exponencial inversa = inverse power law.

* ley marcial = martial law.

* Ley Patriótica, La = USA Patriot Act, the.

* ley penal = penal law.

* ley sobre contratos = contract law.

* ley sucesoria = inheritance law.

* ley tribal = tribal law.

* ley tributaria = tax bill.

* no infringir las leyes = stay on + the right side of the law, keep on + the right side of the law.

* obedecer la ley = observe + the law, follow + the law.

* organismo encargado de hacer cumplir la ley = law enforcing agency.

* por ley = mandated.

* promulgar leyes = enact + legislation.

* promulgar una ley = enact + law, promulgate + rule, promulgate + law.

* proteger por ley = protect by + law.

* proyecto de ley = green paper, legislative bill.

* quebrantar la ley = break + the law.

* rechazar una ley = defeat + legislation.

* redactar leyes = draft + legislation.

* redactar una ley = draft + law.

* respetar la ley = observe + the law.

* respetar las leyes = stay on + the right side of the law, keep on + the right side of the law.

* respetuoso de la ley = law abiding.

* saltarse la ley a la torera = flout + the law.

* ser responsable ante la ley = be criminally liable.

* tener problemas con la ley = fall + foul of the law, go + afoul of the law, fall + afoul of the law.

* transgresor de la ley = lawbreaker.

* valor de ley = force of law.

* violación de la ley = breach of legislation.

* violar una ley = violate + law, break + the law, be in breach of + law.

* * *

femenino

1) ( disposición legal) law

conforme a la ley — in accordance with the law

aplicar una ley — to apply a law

violar la ley — to break the law

atenerse a la ley — to obey the law

es ley de vida — it is a fact of life

hacerle la ley del hielo a alguien — (Chi, Méx) to give somebody the cold shoulder

la ley de la selva or de la jungla — the law of the jungle

la ley del más fuerte — the survival of the fittest

la ley del mínimo esfuerzo — the line of least resistance

la ley del talión — an eye for an eye

morir en su ley — (Andes) to die as one lived

quien hace la ley hace la trampa — every law has a loophole

ley pareja no es dura — (CS) a rule isn't unfair if it applies to everyone

- ley de fuga

- ley del embudo

- ley seca

2) ( justicia)

la ley — the law

somos iguales ante la ley — we are equal in the eyes of the law

un representante de la ley — a representative of the law

con todas las de la ley: ganó con todas las de la ley she won very deservedly; una comida con todas las de la ley a proper meal; una democracia con todas las de la ley — a fully-fledged democracy

- ley marcial/sálica

3) (Fís) law

- ley de la oferta y la demanda

4) (de oro, plata) assay value

de buena ley — genuine

* * *

= bill, law, legislative enactment, act.

Ex: The conference debated a library bill which aims to set up public libraries in all municipalities with over 30,000 inhabitants.

Ex: A catalogue code is a systematic arrangement of laws and statutes so as to avoid inconsistency and duplication in catalogues.

Ex: Apply this rule to legislative enactments and decrees of a political jurisdiction and decrees of a chief executive having the force of law.

Ex: This act allowed for the establishment of town libraries, which were free and open to all ratepayers and provided by funds from local rates.

* acatar la ley = follow + the law.

* acatar las leyes = keep on + the right side of the law.

* al borde de la ley = on the edge of the law.

* al margen de la ley = extra-judicial.

* ante la ley = at law.

* anteproyecto de ley = draft of legislation, draft bill.

* aprobar una ley = pass + law, pass + legislation, pass + bill.

* ausencia de ley = anomie.

* autoridad sancionadora de ley = enactor of law.

* castigar con todo el peso de la ley = punish + to the full extent of the law.

* confección de leyes = law-making [lawmaking/law making].

* con todas las de la ley = full-bodied, full-fledged, full-scale.

* con todo el peso de la ley = to the full extent of the law.

* contravenir la ley = contravene + the law, break + the law.

* contravenir una ley = be in breach of + law.

* creación de leyes = rulemaking [rule-making].

* creador de leyes = rule-maker [rulemaker].

* cumplidor de las leyes = law abiding.

* cumplir la ley = observe + the law.

* de acuerdo con la ley = according to law.

* de ley = kosher.

* dentro de la ley = within the law.

* elaboración de leyes = rulemaking [rule-making].

* espíritu de la ley, el = spirit of the law, the.

* formulación de leyes = rulemaking [rule-making].

* hacer cumplir la ley = law enforcement, enforce + law, legal enforcement.

* hacer las leyes más estrictas = tighten + laws.

* infractor de la ley = scofflaw.

* infringir la ley = break + the law.

* infringir una ley = infringe + law, violate + law, breach + law, be in breach of + law.

* interpretar la ley = interpret + the law.

* interpretar la ley según le convenga mejor a Uno = bend + the rules to suit + Posesivo + own purposes, bend + the rules, circumvent + rules.

* ir en contra de la ley = be against the law.

* legislación por decreto ley = delegated legislation.

* ley antigua = ancient law.

* ley antiterrorista = terrorism act.

* ley consuetudinaria = customary law.

* ley cósmica = cosmic law.

* ley de bibliotecas = library law.

* ley de bibliotecas, la = library act, the.

* ley de copyright = copyright law.

* ley de derechos de autor = copyright law.

* ley de dispersión = law of scattering.

* Ley de Dispersión de Bradford = Bradford's distribution law, Bradford's Law of Scatter, Bradford's Law of Scattering.

* ley de frecuencias de palabras de Zipf = Zipf's word frequency law.

* ley de la gravedad, la = law of gravity, the.

* ley de la oferta y la demanda = law of supply and demand.

* ley de la selva, la = law of the jungle, the.

* Ley del Derecho a la Privacidad = privacy law, privacy protection law, Privacy Act.

* ley del más fuerte, la = law of the jungle, the, law of the jungle, the, survival of the fittest, survival of the strongest.

* Ley de los Medicamentos Raros, la = Orphan Drug Act, the.

* ley de los rendimientos decrecientes = law of diminishing returns.

* Ley de Lotka, la = Lotka's Law.

* ley del secreto industrial = trade secret law.

* ley de Pareto = Pareto's law.

* ley de pesos y medidas = weights and measures act.

* ley de productividad científica de Lotka = Lotka's scientific productivity law.

* Ley de Propiedad Intelectual, la = intellectual property law, Copyright Act, the.

* ley de relación exponencial inversa al cuadrado = inverse square law.

* ley de relación exponencial inversa al cubo = inverse cube law.

* ley de responsabilidad por el producto = product liability law.

* Ley de Simplificación de los Procesos Administrativos = Paperwork Reduction Act.

* ley de sucesión = inheritance law.

* ley de vida = fact of life, laws of nature.

* ley draconiana = draconian law.

* leyes = the law of the land.

* leyes científicas = laws of physics.

* leyes contra la difamación = laws of libel.

* leyes de la ciencia = laws of physics.

* leyes de la física = laws of physics.

* leyes de la naturaleza = nature's laws, laws of nature.

* leyes sobre la igualdad = equity laws.

* leyes sobre patentes = patent law.

* leyes vigentes = the law of the land.

* ley exponencial = power law.

* ley exponencial inversa = inverse power law.

* ley marcial = martial law.

* Ley Patriótica, La = USA Patriot Act, the.

* ley penal = penal law.

* ley sobre contratos = contract law.

* ley sucesoria = inheritance law.

* ley tribal = tribal law.

* ley tributaria = tax bill.

* no infringir las leyes = stay on + the right side of the law, keep on + the right side of the law.

* obedecer la ley = observe + the law, follow + the law.

* organismo encargado de hacer cumplir la ley = law enforcing agency.

* por ley = mandated.

* promulgar leyes = enact + legislation.

* promulgar una ley = enact + law, promulgate + rule, promulgate + law.

* proteger por ley = protect by + law.

* proyecto de ley = green paper, legislative bill.

* quebrantar la ley = break + the law.

* rechazar una ley = defeat + legislation.

* redactar leyes = draft + legislation.

* redactar una ley = draft + law.

* respetar la ley = observe + the law.

* respetar las leyes = stay on + the right side of the law, keep on + the right side of the law.

* respetuoso de la ley = law abiding.

* saltarse la ley a la torera = flout + the law.

* ser responsable ante la ley = be criminally liable.

* tener problemas con la ley = fall + foul of the law, go + afoul of the law, fall + afoul of the law.

* transgresor de la ley = lawbreaker.

* valor de ley = force of law.

* violación de la ley = breach of legislation.

* violar una ley = violate + law, break + the law, be in breach of + law.

* * *

ley

feminine

A (disposición legal) law

conforme a la leyor según disponen las leyes in accordance with the law

promulgar/dictar una ley to promulgate/issue a law

aprobar/derogar una ley to pass/repeal a law

aplicar una ley to apply a law

se acogió a la ley de ciudadanía he sought protection under the citizenship law

violar la ley to break the law

atenerse a la ley to abide by o obey the law

es ley de vida it is a fact of life

hacerle la ley del hielo a algn (Chi, Méx); to give sb the cold shoulder

la ley de la selva or de la jungla the law of the jungle

la ley del más fuerte the survival of the fittest

la ley del mínimo esfuerzo the line of least resistance

la ley del Talión an eye for an eye

aplicar la ley del Talión to demand an eye for an eye

morir en su ley ( Andes); to die as one lived

tenerle ley a algn ( Chi fam); to have it in for sb ( colloq)

hecha la ley hecha la trampa or quien hace la ley hace la trampa every law has its loophole

ley pareja no es dura or rigurosa (CS); a rule isn't unfair if it applies to everyone

Compuestos:

● ley de extranjería

(en Esp) ≈ immigration laws (pl)

● ley de fuga(s)

(Andes, Méx): aplicarle a algn la ley de fuga(s) the practice of allowing a prisoner to escape and then shooting him/her in the back

● ley de la ventaja

advantage rule

● ley del embudo

unfair law/rule

● ley orgánica

organic law

● ley seca

la ley seca Prohibition

● ley tributaria

tax law

B

(justicia): la ley the law

todos somos iguales ante la ley we are all equal in the eyes of the law o under the law

un representante de la ley a representative of the law

con todas las de la ley: ganó con todas las de la ley she won very fairly o rightly o deservedly

un almuerzo con todas las de la ley a proper o real lunch

Compuestos:

● ley marcial

martial law

● ley sálica

Salic law

C

1 (regla natural) law

las leyes de la física the laws of physics

2 ( Bib) law

Compuestos:

● ley de la gravedad

law of gravity

● ley de la oferta y la demanda

law of supply and demand

● leyes de Mendel

fpl Mendel's laws (pl)

D (de oro, plata) assay value

de buena ley genuine

* * *

ley sustantivo femenino
1 ( en general) law;
◊ violar la ley to break the law;

iguales ante la ley equal in the eyes of the law;
ley de la oferta y la demanda law of supply and demand;
la ley del más fuerte the survival of the fittest;
ley pareja no es dura (CS) a rule isn't unfair if it applies to everyone
2 (de oro, plata) assay value
ley sustantivo femenino law
Rel la ley del aborto, the abortion law
la ley judía/cristiana, Jewish/Christian law
ley marcial, martial law
una ley de protección del patrimonio artístico, a law on artistic heritage protection
la ley de la selva, the law of the jungle
Pol proyecto de ley, bill
♦ Locuciones: es una persona de ley, he's a reliable person
oro de ley, pure gold
plata de ley, sterling silver
' ley' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
acogerse
- adelante
- anteproyecto
- anular
- anulación
- aplicarse
- aprobar
- calle
- codificar
- decreto
- derogación
- dictar
- estatuto
- formular
- hallar
- igualdad
- impugnar
- infringir
- LOGSE
- observar
- oposición
- oro
- plata
- proscrita
- proscrito
- proyecto
- radical
- reformar
- regir
- relajar
- respetar
- retroactiva
- retroactivo
- rigor
- sálica
- sálico
- sancionar
- selva
- someterse
- supresión
- suprimir
- tabla
- talión
- título
- universal
- vigencia
- vigente
- vigor
- violar
- violación
English:
act
- apply
- arm
- bill
- breach
- break
- bring in
- carry
- date back to
- date from
- defy
- effect
- enact
- enforce
- equal
- fingertip
- frame
- framework
- full-fledged
- go through
- implement
- infringe
- infringement
- introduce
- introduction
- jungle
- keep
- law
- legal
- letter
- liberal
- move
- muscle
- obey
- observance
- observe
- pass
- passing
- provoke
- repeal
- repudiate
- reversal
- revival
- revive
- scope
- section
- sod
- stand
- state
- statutory

* * *

ley nf

1. [norma] law;
[parlamentaria] act;
Comp

hecha la ley, hecha la trampa laws are made to be broken;

leyes [derecho] law

Comp
ley de extranjería immigration law;
ley de fugas = illegal execution of prisoner, pretending that he was shot while trying to escape;

ley fundamental basic law, constitutional law;

ley de incompatibilidades = act regulating which other positions may be held by people holding public office;

ley marcial martial law;
Pol ley marco framework law; Pol ley orgánica organic law; Hist ley sálica Salic law;
ley seca prohibition law;
Dep ley de la ventaja advantage (law);
aplicar la ley de la ventaja to play the advantage

2. [precepto religioso] law

Comp
la ley coránica Koranic law;
la ley judía Jewish law

3. [principio] law

Comp
Fam ley del embudo one law for oneself and another for everyone else;
la ley del más fuerte the survival of the fittest;

la ley del mínimo esfuerzo: [m5] seguir la ley del mínimo esfuerzo to take the line of least resistance;

ley natural law of nature;

ley de la oferta y de la demanda law of supply and demand;

la ley de la selva the law of the jungle;

la ley del talión an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth;

no cree en la ley del talión she doesn't believe in “an eye for an eye”;

ley de vida: [m5] es ley de vida it's a fact of life

4.
la ley [la justicia] the law;

la igualdad ante la ley equality before the law;

Comp
Fam
con todas las de la ley: ganaron con todas las de la ley they won fair and square;

Comp

ser de ley [situación] to be right and proper;
[persona] to be totally trustworthy
5. [de metal precioso]
de ley [oro] = containing the legal amount of gold;
[plata] sterling;
Comp

de buena ley reliable, sterling;

Comp

de mala ley crooked, disreputable

* * *

ley

f law;

es la ley del más fuerte might is right;

una ley no escrita an unwritten law;

con todas las de la ley fairly and squarely

* * *

ley nf

1) : law

fuera de la ley: outside the law

la ley de gravedad: the law of gravity

2) : purity (of metals)

oro de ley: pure gold

* * *

ley n law

Spanish-English dictionary > ley
6 law

lo:
noun

1) (the collection of rules according to which people live or a country etc is governed: Such an action is against the law; law and order.) ley

2) (any one of such rules: A new law has been passed by Parliament.) ley

3) ((in science) a rule that says that under certain conditions certain things always happen: the law of gravity.) ley

•

- lawful
- lawfully
- lawless
- lawlessly
- lawlessness
- lawyer
- law-abiding
- law court
- lawsuit
- be a law unto oneself
- the law
- the law of the land
- lay down the law

law n

1. ley

a law against drinking and driving una ley que prohíbe conducir bebido

it is against the law es ilegal / va en contra de la ley

2. derecho

my sister studies law mi hermana estudia derecho

law

tr[lɔː]

noun

1 ley nombre femenino

2 SMALLEDUCATION/SMALL derecho

noun the law

1 familiar la poli nombre femenino, la pasma

\

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

against the law contra la ley

by law por ley

in law por ley

laws are made to be broken hecha la ley, hecha la trampa

the law of the jungle la ley del más fuerte

to be a law unto oneself dictar sus propias leyes

to be outside the law estar fuera de la ley

to go to law recurrir a la ley

to keep within the law obrar según la ley

to take the law into one's own hands tomarse la justicia por su mano

law and order orden nombre masculino público

law court tribunal nombre masculino de justicia

law firm bufete nombre masculino de abogados

law school SMALLAMERICAN ENGLISH/SMALL facultad nombre femenino de derecho

law ['lɔ] n

1) : ley f

to break the law: violar la ley

2) : derecho m

criminal law: derecho criminal

3) : abogacía f

to practice law: ejercer la abogacía

law

n.

• derecho s.m.

• fuero s.m.

• jurisprudencia s.f.

• ley s.f.

• regla s.f.

lɔː
noun

1)

a) c (rule, regulation) ley f

he's/she's a law unto himself/herself — hace lo que le da la gana

b) u ( collectively)

the law — la ley

to break the law — violar or contravenir* or infringir* la ley

it is against the law — es ilegal or está prohibido por (la) ley

to stay within the law — actuar* dentro de la ley

under French law — según la ley or la legislación francesa

these proposals became law in 1987 — estas propuestas se hicieron ley en 1987

his word is law in this house — en esta casa su palabra es ley

to lay down the law — dar* órdenes

to take the law into one's own hands — tomarse la justicia por su (or mi etc) propia mano

c) u (as field, discipline) derecho m; ( profession) abogacía f

to enter the law — (BrE) hacerse* abogado; (before n)

law school — facultad f de Derecho

2) u

a) ( litigation)

to go to law — (BrE) recurrir a los tribunales or a la justicia

a court of law — un tribunal de justicia

b)

the law — ( police) (colloq) la policía

3) c u ( code of conduct)

Islamic law — ( Relig) la ley del Corán

4) c ( scientific principle) ley f

the laws of nature — las leyes de la naturaleza

[lɔː]
1. N

1) (=piece of legislation) ley f

• there's no law against it — no hay ley que lo prohíba

- be a law unto o.s.
pass 2., 9)
2) (=system of laws)

the law — la ley

it's the law — es la ley

• to be above the law — estar por encima de la ley

• according to or in accordance with the law — según la ley, de acuerdo con la ley

• the bill became law on 6 August — el proyecto de ley se hizo ley el 6 de agosto

• by law — por ley, de acuerdo con la ley

to be required by law to do sth — estar obligado por (la) ley a hacer algo

• civil/ criminal law — derecho m civil/penal

• in law — según la ley

• the law of the land — la ley vigente

• officer of the law — agente mf de la ley

• the law on abortion — la legislación sobre el aborto

• law and order — el orden público

the forces of law and order — las fuerzas del orden

• he is outside the law — está fuera de la ley

• to have the law on one's side — tener la justicia de su lado

• to keep or remain within the law — obrar legalmente

• his word is law — su palabra es ley

- lay down the law

- take the law into one's own hands

3) (=field of study) derecho m

• to study law — estudiar derecho

4) (=profession) abogacía f

• she is considering a career in law — está pensando dedicarse a la abogacía

• to practise law — ejercer de abogado, ejercer la abogacía

5) (=legal proceedings)

• court of law — tribunal m de justicia

• to go to law — recurrir a la justicia or a los tribunales

• to take a case to law — llevar un caso ante los tribunales

6) (=rule) [of organization, sport] regla f

the laws of the game — las reglas del juego

• God's law — la ley de Dios

7) (=standard) norma f

there seemed to be one law for the rich and another for the poor — parecía haber unas normas para los ricos y otras para los pobres

8) (Sci, Math) ley f

the laws of physics — las leyes de la física

• by the law of averages — por la estadística, estadísticamente

• the law of gravity — la ley de la gravedad

• the law of supply and demand — la ley de la oferta y la demanda
nature 1., 4)
9) * (=police)

the law — la policía

to have the law on sb — denunciar a algn a la policía, llevar a algn a los tribunales

2.

CPD

law court N — tribunal m de justicia

law enforcement N — aplicación f de la ley

law enforcement agency N — organismo encargado de velar por el cumplimiento de la ley

law enforcement officer N — (esp US) policía mf

Law Faculty N — (Univ) facultad f de Derecho

law firm N — gabinete m jurídico, bufete m de abogados

Law Lord NPL — (Brit) (Pol) juez mf lor

the Law Lords — jueces que son miembros de la Cámara de los Lores y constituyen el Tribunal Supremo

law reports NPL — repertorio m de jurisprudencia

law school N — (US) facultad f de derecho

law student N — estudiante mf de derecho

* * *
[lɔː]
noun

1)

a) c (rule, regulation) ley f

he's/she's a law unto himself/herself — hace lo que le da la gana

b) u ( collectively)

the law — la ley

to break the law — violar or contravenir* or infringir* la ley

it is against the law — es ilegal or está prohibido por (la) ley

to stay within the law — actuar* dentro de la ley

under French law — según la ley or la legislación francesa

these proposals became law in 1987 — estas propuestas se hicieron ley en 1987

his word is law in this house — en esta casa su palabra es ley

to lay down the law — dar* órdenes

to take the law into one's own hands — tomarse la justicia por su (or mi etc) propia mano

c) u (as field, discipline) derecho m; ( profession) abogacía f

to enter the law — (BrE) hacerse* abogado; (before n)

law school — facultad f de Derecho

2) u

a) ( litigation)

to go to law — (BrE) recurrir a los tribunales or a la justicia

a court of law — un tribunal de justicia

b)

the law — ( police) (colloq) la policía

3) c u ( code of conduct)

Islamic law — ( Relig) la ley del Corán

4) c ( scientific principle) ley f

the laws of nature — las leyes de la naturaleza

English-spanish dictionary > law
7 law

1. n право; правоведение

criminal law — уголовное право

international law, law of nations — международное право

international private law — частное международное право

universal international law — универсальное международное право

law of the sea — морское право

space law — космическое право

law of war — право войны, законы и обычаи войны

natural law — естественное право

law of treaties — право, регулирующее международные договоры

law of civil procedure — гражданско-процессуальное право

law of criminal procedure — уголовно-процессуальное право

law of nations — международное право

humanitarian law — гуманитарное право

law of actions — процессуальное право

law of conflict — коллизионное право

law of navigation — право судоходства

2. n профессия юриста

law language — юридический язык, юридическая терминология

law school — юридическая школа

doctor of law — доктор юридических наук

the faculty of law — юридический факультет

to study law, to go to the law — изучать право

to follow the law — быть или стать юристом

law officers of the Crown — юристы короны

law agent — поверенный, стряпчий; юрист

a man of law — законник; адвокат; юрист

man of law — законник; адвокат; юрист

3. n суд, судебный процесс

law sitting — время сессий судов; месяцы, когда суды заседают

law reports — сборники судебных решений

case law of courts — судебная практика

law clerk — судебный делопроизводитель

court of common law — суд общего права

relief at law — средство судебной защиты

Lynch law — закон или суд Линча, самосуд

4. n закон

law of nature — закон природы

the laws of motion — законы движения

the law of gravity — закон тяготения

the law of conservation of energy — закон сохранения энергии

economic laws — экономические законы

the law of supply and demand — закон спроса и предложения

the law of self-preservation — инстинкт самосохранения

with the utmost rigour of the law — по всей строгости закона

to clarify the law — разъяснить смысл правовой нормы, закона

to answer in law — предстать перед судом; ответить по закону

radioactive displacement law — закон радиоактивного смещения

offence punishable by law — преступление, караемое по закону

5. n принятый, установленный обычай

laws of honour — кодекс чести

congressional law — регламент конгресса; обычаи конгресса

official law — принятый закон; закон, вступивший в силу

established by law — учреждённый, установленный законом

law and usage of Parliament — парламентский обычай

fixed by law — установленный законом

6. n правила

the laws of golf — правила игры в гольф

law of least squares — правило наименьших квадратов

compound interest law — правило сложных процентов

law of Dulong and Petit — правило Дюлонга и Пти

foreign exchange law — правило валютного обмена

law of salvage — правила спасания на море

7. n спорт. фора, преимущество, предоставляемое противнику в состязании

citizens are coordinates in a court of law — в суде все граждане равны

8. n разг. поблажка

the law of the jungle

to lay down the law

9. v разг. обращаться в суд

law court — суд

count of law — суд

court of law — законный суд

go to the law — обращаться в суд

common law court — суд общего права

10. v диал. разг. навязывать свою волю

he wrests the law to suit himself — он истолковывает смысл закона в свою пользу

Синонимический ряд:

1. assize (noun) act; assize; canon; decree; decretum; edict; enactment; injunction; institute; judicial decision; legislation; measure; ordinance; precept; prescript; prescription; regulation; requirement; rule; ruling; statute

2. bar (noun) bar; legal profession

3. Christian scriptures (noun) bible; Christian scriptures; gospel; old and new testaments; revelation; scripture; the good book; word of god

4. law enforcement (noun) city police; constabulary; district attorney; judge; law enforcement; police; public safety; sheriff; state police

5. legislature (noun) charter; civil law; code; constitution; criminal law; law of the press; legislature; probate law; public law; statute law

6. principle (noun) axiom; cause; foundation; fundamental; maxim; origin; precept; principium; principle; rule of action; source; standard; theorem; ultimate cause; universal

7. study of law (noun) equity; jurisprudence; law school; legal practice; legal precedent; legal science; legalism; study of law

8. the courts (noun) due process; judicature; judicial procedure; legal process; the authorities; the courts; the legal authorities; the police; writ of habeas corpus

English-Russian base dictionary > law
8 law

noun

1) no pl. (body of established rules) Gesetz, das; Recht, das

the law forbids/allows something to be done — nach dem Gesetz ist es verboten/erlaubt, etwas zu tun

according to/under British etc. law — nach britischem usw. Recht

break the law — gegen das Gesetz verstoßen

be against the law — gegen das Gesetz sein

under the or by or in law — nach dem Gesetz

be/become law — vorgeschrieben sein/werden

lay down the law — Vorschriften machen (to Dat.)

lay down the law on/about something — sich zum Experten für etwas aufschwingen

law enforcement — Durchführung der Gesetze/des Gesetzes

2) no pl., no indef. art. (control through law) Gesetz, das

law and order — Ruhe und Ordnung

be above the law — über dem Gesetz stehen

outside the law — außerhalb der Legalität

3) (statute) Gesetz, das

there ought to be a law against it/people like you — so etwas sollte/Leute wie du sollten verboten werden

be a law unto oneself — machen, was man will

4) no pl., no indef. art. (litigation) Rechtswesen, das; Gerichtswesen, das

go to law [over something] — [wegen etwas] vor Gericht gehen; [wegen etwas] den Rechtsweg beschreiten

have the law on somebody — (coll.) jemandem die Polizei auf den Hals schicken (ugs.); jemanden vor den Kadi schleppen (ugs.)

take the law into one's own hands — sich (Dat.) selbst Recht verschaffen

5) no pl., no indef. art. (profession)

practise law — Jurist/Juristin sein

6) no pl., no art. (Univ.): (jurisprudence) Jura o. Art.; Rechtswissenschaft, die; attrib. Rechts-

Faculty of Law — juristische Fakultät

law school — (Amer.) juristische Fakultät

7) no indef. art. (branch of law)

commercial law — Handelsrecht, das

8) (Sci., Philos., etc.) Gesetz, das

law of nature, natural law — Naturgesetz, das

* * *
[lo:]
noun

1) (the collection of rules according to which people live or a country etc is governed: Such an action is against the law; law and order.) das Recht

2) (any one of such rules: A new law has been passed by Parliament.) das Gesetz

3) ((in science) a rule that says that under certain conditions certain things always happen: the law of gravity.) das Gesetz

•

- academic.ru/42012/lawful">lawful
- lawfully
- lawless
- lawlessly
- lawlessness
- lawyer
- law-abiding
- law court
- lawsuit
- be a law unto oneself
- the law
- the law of the land
- lay down the law
* * *

law

[lɔ:, AM esp lɑ:]

n

1. (rule) Gesetz nt

many doctors want to see a \law banning all tobacco advertising viele Ärzte fordern ein Verbot jeglicher Tabakwerbung

the \laws governing the importation of animals... die Gesetze zur Einführung von Tieren...

his word is \law sein Wort ist Gesetz

there is a \law against driving on the wrong side of the road es ist verboten, auf der falschen Straßenseite zu fahren

the first \law of politics is... das oberste Gesetz in der Politik lautet...

\law of taxation Steuerrecht nt

2. no pl (legal system) Recht nt

to take the \law into one's own hands Selbstjustiz betreiben

\law and order Recht und Ordnung, Law and Order fam

to be against the \law illegal [o gegen das Gesetz] sein

to be above the \law über dem Gesetz stehen

to break/obey the \law das Gesetz brechen/befolgen

to remain within the \law sich akk im Rahmen des Gesetzes bewegen

3. no pl (police)

▪ the \law die Polizei

to get the \law on sb ( fam) jdm die Polizei auf den Hals hetzen fam

4. (scientific principle) [Natur]gesetz nt

\law of averages Gesetz nt der Serie

\law of chance SCI Zufallsgesetz nt

\law of conservation of energy PHYS Energie[erhaltungs]satz m

\law of conservation of matter CHEM, PHYS Massenerhaltungssatz m

\law of constant heat summation PHYS Gesetz nt der konstanten Wärmesummen

\law of constant [or definite] proportions CHEM Gesetz nt der konstanten Proportionen

\law of error propagation MATH Fehlerfortpflanzungsgesetz nt

the \law of supply and demand das Gesetz von Angebot und Nachfrage

5. no pl (at university) Jura kein art, Jus nt ÖSTERR, SCHWEIZ

to study \law Jura [o ÖSTERR, SCHWEIZ Jus] studieren

6.

▶ to go to \law vor Gericht gehen

▶ the \law of the jungle das Gesetz des Stärkeren

▶ there's one \law for the rich and another for the poor ( saying) wer Geld hat, [der] hat auch das Gesetz auf seiner Seite

▶ sb is a \law unto oneself jd lebt nach seinen eigenen Gesetzen

* * *
[lɔː]
n

1) (= rule ALSO JEWISH, SCI) Gesetz nt

law of nature — Naturgesetz nt

it's the law — das ist Gesetz

his word is law — sein Wort ist Gesetz

to become law — rechtskräftig werden

to pass a law — ein Gesetz verabschieden

is there a law against it? — ist das verboten?

there is no law against asking, is there? (inf) — man darf doch wohl noch fragen, oder?

he is a law unto himself — er macht, was er will

2) (= body of laws) Gesetz nt no pl; (= system) Recht nt

according to or in or by or under French law — nach französischem Recht

by law — gesetzlich

by law all restaurants must display their prices outside — alle Restaurants sind gesetzlich dazu verpflichtet, ihre Preise draußen auszuhängen

he is above/outside the law — er steht über dem Gesetz/außerhalb des Gesetzes

what is the law on drugs? — wie sind die Drogengesetze?

to keep within the law — sich im Rahmen des Gesetzes bewegen

in law — vor dem Gesetz

in law — Unwissenheit schützt vor Strafe nicht

a change in the law —

the law as it relates to property — die gesetzlichen Bestimmungen über das Eigentum

civil/criminal law — Zivil-/Strafrecht nt

3) (as study) Jura no art, Recht(swissenschaft f) nt

4) (SPORT) Regel f; (ART) Gesetz nt

the laws of harmony — die Harmonielehre

one of the basic laws of harmony — eins der grundlegenden Prinzipien der Harmonielehre

5)

(= operation of law) law — eine Anwaltspraxis haben

to go to law — vor Gericht gehen, den Rechtsweg beschreiten

to take sb to law — gegen jdn gerichtlich vorgehen, jdn vor Gericht bringen

to take a case to law — in einer Sache gerichtlich vorgehen, einen Fall vor Gericht bringen

to take the law into one's own hands — das Recht selbst in die Hand nehmen

law and order — Ruhe or Recht und Ordnung, Law and Order

the forces of law and order — die Ordnungskräfte pl

6)

the law (inf) — die Polente (dated inf), die Bullen (sl)

I'll get the law on you ( Brit inf ) — ich hole die Polizei

he got the law on to me ( Brit inf ) — er hat mir die Polizei auf den Hals gehetzt (inf)

* * *

law¹ [lɔː] s

1. (objektives) Recht, Gesetz n, Gesetze pl:

according to law, by law, in law, under the law nach dem Gesetz, von Rechts wegen, gesetzlich;

contrary to law, against the law gesetz-, rechtswidrig;

under German law nach deutschem Recht;

law and order Recht oder Ruhe und Ordnung;

act within the law sich im Rahmen des Gesetzes bewegen, gesetzmäßig handeln;

take the law into one’s own hands sich selbst Recht verschaffen, zur Selbsthilfe greifen; → come up 6, domestic A 1, inheritance 1 b, jungle, property 1, succession 4 d

2. (einzelnes) Gesetz:

the bill has become ( oder passed into) law die Gesetzesvorlage ist (zum) Gesetz geworden

3. → common law

4. Recht n:

a) Rechtssystem n:

the English law

b) (einzelnes) Rechtsgebiet:

law of nations Völkerrecht, internationales Recht; → commercial law, international A 1

5. Rechtswissenschaft f, Jura pl:

comparative law vergleichende Rechtswissenschaft;

read ( oder study, take) law Jura studieren;

learned in the law rechtsgelehrt;

Doctor of Laws Doktor m der Rechte; → practice C 2

6. Juristenberuf m, juristische Laufbahn:

be in the law Jurist(in) sein

7. Rechtskenntnisse pl:

he has only little law

8. Gericht n, Rechtsweg m:

at law vor Gericht, gerichtlich;

go to law vor Gericht gehen, den Rechtsweg beschreiten, prozessieren;

go to law with sb, have ( oder take) the law of ( oder on) sb jemanden verklagen oder belangen

9. umg

a) Bullen pl pej (Polizei)

b) Bulle m pej (Polizist)

10. allg Gesetz n, Vorschrift f, Gebot n, Befehl m:

be a law (un)to o.s. sich über jegliche Konvention hinwegsetzen; tun, was einem passt;

lay down the law sich als Autorität aufspielen ( to sb jemandem gegenüber);

lay down the law to sb jemandem Vorschriften machen

11. a) Gesetz n, Grundsatz m, Prinzip n:

the laws of probability ( oder averages) die Gesetze der Wahrscheinlichkeit

b) (Spiel)Regel f:

the laws of the game die Spielregeln

12. a) auch law of nature Naturgesetz n

b) (wissenschaftliches) Gesetz: → causality 1, inertia 1, proportion A 4

c) (Lehr)Satz m:

law of sines MATH Sinussatz;

law of thermodynamics PHYS Hauptsatz der Thermodynamik

13. Gesetzmäßigkeit f, Ordnung f (in der Natur):

not chance, but law nicht Zufall, sondern Gesetzmäßigkeit

14. REL

a) (göttliches) Gesetz oder Gebot

b) oft Law koll (göttliches) Gesetz, Gebote pl Gottes

15. REL

a) the Law (of Moses) das Gesetz (des Moses), der Pentateuch

b) das Alte Testament

law² [lɔː] int umg obs herrje!

L., l. abk

1. lake

2. law

3. league

4. left li.

5. line

* * *

noun

1) no pl. (body of established rules) Gesetz, das; Recht, das

the law forbids/allows something to be done — nach dem Gesetz ist es verboten/erlaubt, etwas zu tun

according to/under British etc. law — nach britischem usw. Recht

break the law — gegen das Gesetz verstoßen

be against the law — gegen das Gesetz sein

under the or by or in law — nach dem Gesetz

be/become law — vorgeschrieben sein/werden

lay down the law — Vorschriften machen (to Dat.)

lay down the law on/about something — sich zum Experten für etwas aufschwingen

law enforcement — Durchführung der Gesetze/des Gesetzes

2) no pl., no indef. art. (control through law) Gesetz, das

law and order — Ruhe und Ordnung

be above the law — über dem Gesetz stehen

outside the law — außerhalb der Legalität

3) (statute) Gesetz, das

there ought to be a law against it/people like you — so etwas sollte/Leute wie du sollten verboten werden

be a law unto oneself — machen, was man will

4) no pl., no indef. art. (litigation) Rechtswesen, das; Gerichtswesen, das

go to law [over something] — [wegen etwas] vor Gericht gehen; [wegen etwas] den Rechtsweg beschreiten

have the law on somebody — (coll.) jemandem die Polizei auf den Hals schicken (ugs.); jemanden vor den Kadi schleppen (ugs.)

take the law into one's own hands — sich (Dat.) selbst Recht verschaffen

5) no pl., no indef. art. (profession)

practise law — Jurist/Juristin sein

6) no pl., no art. (Univ.): (jurisprudence) Jura o. Art.; Rechtswissenschaft, die; attrib. Rechts-

Faculty of Law — juristische Fakultät

law school — (Amer.) juristische Fakultät

7) no indef. art. (branch of law)

commercial law — Handelsrecht, das

8) (Sci., Philos., etc.) Gesetz, das

law of nature, natural law — Naturgesetz, das

* * *

n.

Gesetz -e n.

Recht -e n.

Rechtswissenschaft f.

Vorgabe -n (Jagd, Sport) f.

English-german dictionary > law
9 law

[lɔ:, Am esp lɑ:] n

1) ( rule) Gesetz nt;

many doctors want to see a \law banning all tobacco advertising viele Ärzte fordern ein Verbot jeglicher Tabakwerbung;

the \laws governing the importation of animals... die Gesetze zur Einführung von Tieren...;

his word is \law sein Wort ist Gesetz;

there is a \law against driving on the wrong side of the road es ist verboten, auf der falschen Straßenseite zu fahren;

the first \law of politics is... das oberste Gesetz in der Politik lautet...

2) no pl ( legal system) Recht nt;

to take the \law into one's own hands Selbstjustiz betreiben;

\law and order Recht und Ordnung, Law and Order ( fam)

to be against the \law illegal [o gegen das Gesetz] sein;

to be above the \law über dem Gesetz stehen;

to break/obey the \law das Gesetz brechen/befolgen;

to remain within the \law sich akk im Rahmen des Gesetzes bewegen

3) no pl ( police)

the \law die Polizei;

to get the \law on sb ( fam) jdm die Polizei auf den Hals hetzen ( fam)

4) ( scientific principle) [Natur]gesetz nt;

\law of averages Gesetz nt der Serie;

the \law of supply and demand das Gesetz von Angebot und Nachfrage

5) no pl ( at university) Jura kein art, Jus nt;

to study \law Jura studieren

PHRASES:

the \law of the jungle das Gesetz des Stärkeren;

there's one \law for the rich and another for the poor ( and another for the poor) wer Geld hat, [der] hat auch das Gesetz auf seiner Seite;

to go to \law vor Gericht gehen;

sb is a \law unto oneself jd lebt nach seinen eigenen Gesetzen

English-German students dictionary > law
10 obéir

obéir [ɔbeiʀ]

➭ TABLE 2 indirect transitive verb

• obéir à [+ personne, ordre, principe, règle] to obey ; [+ critère] to meet ; [+ conscience, mode] to follow

• il sait se faire obéir de ses élèves he knows how to make his pupils obey him

• obéissez ! do as you're told!

• obéir à une impulsion to act on an impulse

• son comportement n'obéit à aucune logique his behaviour is completely illogical

* * *
ɔbeiʀ
verbe transitif indirect

1) ( se soumettre)

obéir à — to obey [ordre, devoir]; to follow [norme]; to observe [coutume]; to comply with [décision]

obéir à quelqu'un — [soldat] to obey somebody; [enfant, employé] to do what one is told by somebody

elle se fait obéir de ses enfants — her children always do as she says

2) ( être soumis) [freins] to respond (à to)

••

obéir à quelqu'un au doigt et à l'œil — to obey somebody slavishly

* * *
ɔbeiʀ vi
1) [personne] to obey

obéir à qn — to obey s.o.

Elle refuse d'obéir à ses parents. — She refuses to obey her parents.

2) [moteur, véhicule]

obéir à [conducteur, sollicitation] — to respond to

* * *

obéir verb table: finir vtr ind

1 ( se soumettre) obéir à to obey [ordre, devoir, principe, règles]; to follow [norme, impulsion, émotion]; to observe [coutume]; obéir à qn [soldat] to obey sb; [enfant, employé] to do what one is told by sb; ne discute pas, obéis! don't argue, do as you're told!; elle se fait obéir de ses enfants her children always do as she says; obéir à une décision to comply with a decision; nous obéissons au moindre de ses caprices we give in to his ou her slightest whim;

2 ( être soumis) [freins, véhicule] to respond (à to).

Idiome

obéir à qn au doigt et à l'œil to obey sb slavishly.

[ɔbeir]

obéir à verbe plus préposition

1. [se soumettre à]

obéir à quelqu'un/quelque chose to obey somebody/something

il m'obéit au doigt et à l'œil he's at my beck and call

savoir se faire obéir de quelqu'un to command ou to compel obedience from somebody

obéir à un ordre to comply with ou to obey an order

(en usage absolu)

vas-tu obéir? will you do as you're told!

2. [être régi par]

obéir à quelque chose to submit to ou to obey something

obéir à une théorie/un principe to obey ou to follow a theory/principle

le marché obéit à la loi de l'offre et de la demande the market is governed by ou follows the law of supply and demand

obéir à une impulsion to follow an impulse

obéissant à une soif de vengeance moved ou prompted by a thirst for revenge

3. [réagir à - suj: mécanisme]

obéir à quelque chose to respond to something

(en usage absolu)

soudain les freins ont cessé d'obéir all of a sudden, the brakes stopped responding

Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > obéir
11 law

law [lɔ:]

1 noun

(a) (legal provision) loi f;

∎ a law against gambling une loi qui interdit les jeux d'argent;

∎ there's no law against it! il n'y a pas de mal à cela!;

∎ humorous there ought to be a law against it ça devrait être interdit par la loi;

∎ to be a law unto oneself ne connaître ni foi ni loi

(b) (legislation) loi f;

∎ it's against the law to sell alcohol la vente d'alcool est illégale;

∎ by law selon la loi;

∎ in or under British law selon la loi britannique;

∎ to break/to uphold the law enfreindre/respecter la loi;

∎ the bill became law le projet de loi a été voté ou adopté;

∎ the law of the land la loi, les lois fpl;

∎ the law of the jungle la loi de la jungle;

∎ figurative to lay down the law imposer sa loi, faire la loi;

∎ figurative her word is law ses décisions sont sans appel

(c) (legal system) droit m;

∎ a student of law un(e) étudiant(e) en droit

(d) (justice) justice f, système m juridique;

∎ British to go to law aller en justice;

∎ British to take a case to law porter une affaire en justice ou devant les tribunaux;

∎ to take the law into one's own hands (se) faire justice soi-même;

∎ law and order l'ordre m public

(e) familiar

∎ the law (police) les flics mpl;

∎ the law soon arrived les flics n'ont pas tardé à rappliquer;

∎ I'll have the law on you! je vais appeler les flics!

(f) (rule → of club, sport) règle f;

∎ the laws of rugby les règles fpl du rugby

(g) (principle) loi f;

∎ Physics the laws of gravity les lois fpl de la pesanteur;

∎ Economics the law of supply and demand la loi de l'offre et de la demande

2 compound-forming noun

(faculty, school) de droit

►► law centre bureau m d'aide judiciaire;

law court tribunal m, cour f de justice;

law enforcement application f de la loi;

law enforcement agency organisme m chargé de faire respecter la loi;

law enforcement officer agent m de police;

law firm cabinet m d'avocats, cabinet m juridique;

British Law Lords = membres de la Chambre des lords siégeant en tant que cour d'appel de dernière instance;

law officer conseiller(ère) m,f juridique;

law school faculté f de droit;

British the Law Society = conseil de l'ordre des avocats chargé de faire respecter la déontologie;

law student étudiant(e) m,f en droit

Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > law
12 near cash

!

гос. фин. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.

Introduction

This paper provides background information on the framework for the planning and control of public expenditure in the UK which has been operated since the 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR). It sets out the different classifications of spending for budgeting purposes and why these distinctions have been adopted. It discusses how the public expenditure framework is designed to ensure both sound public finances and an outcome-focused approach to public expenditure.

Principles of the framework

The UK's public spending framework is based on several key principles:
"
consistency with a long-term, prudent and transparent regime for managing the public finances as a whole;
" "
the judgement of success by policy outcomes rather than resource inputs;
" "
strong incentives for departments and their partners in service delivery to plan over several years and plan together where appropriate so as to deliver better public services with greater cost effectiveness; and
"
the proper costing and management of capital assets to provide the right incentives for public investment.

The Government sets policy to meet two firm fiscal rules:
"
the Golden Rule states that over the economic cycle, the Government will borrow only to invest and not to fund current spending; and
"
the Sustainable Investment Rule states that net public debt as a proportion of GDP will be held over the economic cycle at a stable and prudent level. Other things being equal, net debt will be maintained below 40 per cent of GDP over the economic cycle.

Achievement of the fiscal rules is assessed by reference to the national accounts, which are produced by the Office for National Statistics, acting as an independent agency. The Government sets its spending envelope to comply with these fiscal rules.

Departmental Expenditure Limits ( DEL) and Annually Managed Expenditure (AME)

The framework for public expenditure is divided between
"
Departmental Expenditure Limit ( DEL) spending, which is planned and controlled on a three year basis in Spending Reviews; and
"
Annually Managed Expenditure ( AME), which is expenditure which cannot reasonably be subject to firm, multi-year limits in the same way as DEL. AME includes social security benefits, local authority self-financed expenditure, debt interest, and payments to EU institutions.

More information about DEL and AME is set out below.

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Departmental Expenditure Limits ( DEL)

In Spending Reviews, firm DEL plans are set for departments for three years. To ensure consistency with the Government's fiscal rules departments are set separate resource (current) and capital budgets. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.

To encourage departments to plan over the medium term departments may carry forward unspent DEL provision from one year into the next and, subject to the normal tests for tautness and realism of plans, may be drawn down in future years. This end-year flexibility also removes any incentive for departments to use up their provision as the year end approaches with less regard to value for money. For the full benefits of this flexibility and of three year plans to feed through into improved public service delivery, end-year flexibility and three year budgets should be cascaded from departments to executive agencies and other budget holders.

Three year budgets and end-year flexibility give those managing public services the stability to plan their operations on a sensible time scale. Further, the system means that departments cannot seek to bid up funds each year (before 1997, three year plans were set and reviewed in annual Public Expenditure Surveys). So the credibility of medium-term plans has been enhanced at both central and departmental level.

Departments have certainty over the budgetary allocation over the medium term and these multi-year DEL plans are strictly enforced. Departments are expected to prioritise competing pressures and fund these within their overall annual limits, as set in Spending Reviews. So the DEL system provides a strong incentive to control costs and maximise value for money.

There is a small centrally held DEL Reserve. Support from the Reserve is available only for genuinely unforeseeable contingencies which departments cannot be expected to manage within their DEL.

Annually Managed Expenditure ( AME)

AME typically consists of programmes which are large, volatile and demand-led, and which therefore cannot reasonably be subject to firm multi-year limits. The biggest single element is social security spending. Other items include tax credits, Local Authority Self Financed Expenditure, Scottish Executive spending financed by non-domestic rates, and spending financed from the proceeds of the National Lottery.

AME is reviewed twice a year as part of the Budget and Pre-Budget Report process reflecting the close integration of the tax and benefit system, which was enhanced by the introduction of tax credits.

AME is not subject to the same three year expenditure limits as DEL, but is still part of the overall envelope for public expenditure. Affordability is taken into account when policy decisions affecting AME are made. The Government has committed itself not to take policy measures which are likely to have the effect of increasing social security or other elements of AME without taking steps to ensure that the effects of those decisions can be accommodated prudently within the Government's fiscal rules.

Given an overall envelope for public spending, forecasts of AME affect the level of resources available for DEL spending. Cautious estimates and the AME margin are built in to these AME forecasts and reduce the risk of overspending on AME.

Total Managed Expenditure

Together, DEL plus AME sum to Total Managed Expenditure (TME). TME is a measure drawn from national accounts. It represents the current and capital spending of the public sector. The public sector is made up of central government, local government and public corporations.

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Resource Accounting and Budgeting ( RAB)

Resource and Capital Budgets are set in terms of accruals information. Accruals information measures resources as they are consumed rather than when the cash is paid. So for example the Resource Budget includes a charge for depreciation, a measure of the consumption or wearing out of capital assets.
"
Non cash charges in budgets do not impact directly on the fiscal framework. That may be because the national accounts use a different way of measuring the same thing, for example in the case of the depreciation of departmental assets. Or it may be that the national accounts measure something different: for example, resource budgets include a cost of capital charge reflecting the opportunity cost of holding capital; the national accounts include debt interest.
"
Within the Resource Budget DEL, departments have separate controls on:
"
Near cash spending, the sub set of Resource Budgets which impacts directly on the Golden Rule; and
"
Administration Budgets (see below)

Administration Budgets

The amount of their Resource Budget DEL that departments may spend on running themselves (e.g. paying most civil servants’ salaries) is limited by Administration Budgets, which are set in Spending Reviews. Administration Budgets are used to ensure that as much money as practicable is available for front line services and programmes. These budgets also help to drive efficiency improvements in departments’ own activities. Administration Budgets exclude the costs of frontline services delivered directly by departments.

Spending Reviews

The Budget preceding a Spending Review sets an overall envelope for public spending that is consistent with the fiscal rules for the period covered by the Spending Review. In the Spending Review, the Budget AME forecast for year one of the Spending Review period is updated, and AME forecasts are made for the later years of the Spending Review period.

The 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review ( CSR), which was published in July 1998, was a comprehensive review of departmental aims and objectives alongside a zero-based analysis of each spending programme to determine the best way of delivering the Government's objectives. The 1998 CSR allocated substantial additional resources to the Government's key priorities, particularly education and health, for the three year period from 1999-2000 to 2001-02.

Delivering better public services does not just depend on how much money the Government spends, but also on how well it spends it. Therefore the 1998 CSR introduced Public Service Agreements (PSAs). Each major government department was given its own PSA setting out clear targets for achievements in terms of public service improvements.

The 1998 CSR also introduced the DEL/ AME framework for the control of public spending, and made other framework changes. Building on the investment and reforms delivered by the 1998 CSR, successive spending reviews in 2000, 2002 and 2004 have:
"
provided significant increase in resources for the Government’s priorities, in particular health and education, and cross-cutting themes such as raising productivity; extending opportunity; and building strong and secure communities;
" "
enabled the Government significantly to increase investment in public assets and address the legacy of under investment from past decades. Departmental Investment Strategies were introduced in SR2000. As a result there has been a steady increase in public sector net investment from less than ¾ of a per cent of GDP in 1997-98 to 2¼ per cent of GDP in 2005-06, providing better infrastructure across public services;
" "
introduced further refinements to the performance management framework. PSA targets have been reduced in number over successive spending reviews from around 300 to 110 to give greater focus to the Government’s highest priorities. The targets have become increasingly outcome-focused to deliver further improvements in key areas of public service delivery across Government. They have also been refined in line with the conclusions of the Devolving Decision Making Review to provide a framework which encourages greater devolution and local flexibility. Technical Notes were introduced in SR2000 explaining how performance against each PSA target will be measured; and
"
not only allocated near cash spending to departments, but also – since SR2002 - set Resource DEL plans for non cash spending.

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Comprehensive Spending Review 2007

To identify what further investments and reforms are needed to equip the UK for the global challenges of the decade ahead, on 19 July 2005 the Chief Secretary to the Treasury announced that the Government intends to launch a second Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR) reporting in 2007.

A decade on from the first CSR, the 2007 CSR will represent a long-term and fundamental review of government expenditure. It will cover departmental allocations for 2008-09, 2009-10 and 2010 11. Allocations for 2007-08 will be held to the agreed figures already announced by the 2004 Spending Review. To provide a rigorous analytical framework for these departmental allocations, the Government will be taking forward a programme of preparatory work over 2006 involving:
"
an assessment of what the sustained increases in spending and reforms to public service delivery have achieved since the first CSR. The assessment will inform the setting of new objectives for the decade ahead;
" "
an examination of the key long-term trends and challenges that will shape the next decade – including demographic and socio-economic change, globalisation, climate and environmental change, global insecurity and technological change – together with an assessment of how public services will need to respond;
" "
to release the resources needed to address these challenges, and to continue to secure maximum value for money from public spending over the CSR period, a set of zero-based reviews of departments’ baseline expenditure to assess its effectiveness in delivering the Government’s long-term objectives; together with
"
further development of the efficiency programme, building on the cross cutting areas identified in the Gershon Review, to embed and extend ongoing efficiency savings into departmental expenditure planning.

The 2007 CSR also offers the opportunity to continue to refine the PSA framework so that it drives effective delivery and the attainment of ambitious national standards.

Obtaining good performance

Public Service Agreements (PSAs) were introduced in the 1998 CSR. They set out agreed targets detailing the outputs and outcomes departments are expected to deliver with the resources allocated to them. The new spending regime places a strong emphasis on outcome targets, for example in providing for better health and higher educational standards or service standards. The introduction in SR2004 of PSA ‘standards’ will ensure that high standards in priority areas are maintained.

The Government monitors progress against PSA targets, and departments report in detail twice a year in their annual Departmental Reports (published in spring) and in their autumn performance reports. These reports provide Parliament and the public with regular updates on departments’ performance against their targets.

Technical Notes explain how performance against each PSA target will be measured.

Departmental Investment Strategies (DISs)

To make the most of both new investment and existing assets, there needs to be a coherent long term strategy against which investment decisions are taken. Departmental Investment Strategies (DIS) set out each department's plans to deliver the scale and quality of capital stock needed to underpin its objectives. The DIS includes information about the department's existing capital stock and future plans for that stock, as well as plans for new investment. It also sets out the systems that the department has in place to ensure that it delivers its capital programmes effectively.

This document was updated on 19 December 2005.

Near-cash resource expenditure that has a related cash implication, even though the timing of the cash payment may be slightly different. For example, expenditure on gas or electricity supply is incurred as the fuel is used, though the cash payment might be made in arrears on aquarterly basis. Other examples of near-cash expenditure are: pay, rental.Net cash requirement the upper limit agreed by Parliament on the cash which a department may draw from theConsolidated Fund to finance the expenditure within the ambit of its Request forResources. It is equal to the agreed amount of net resources and net capital less non-cashitems and working capital.Non-cash cost costs where there is no cash transaction but which are included in a body’s accounts (or taken into account in charging for a service) to establish the true cost of all the resourcesused.Non-departmental a body which has a role in the processes of government, but is not a government public body, NDPBdepartment or part of one. NDPBs accordingly operate at arm’s length from governmentMinisters.Notional cost of a cost which is taken into account in setting fees and charges to improve comparability with insuranceprivate sector service providers.The charge takes account of the fact that public bodies donot generally pay an insurance premium to a commercial insurer.the independent body responsible for collecting and publishing official statistics about theUK’s society and economy. (At the time of going to print legislation was progressing tochange this body to the Statistics Board).Office of Government an office of the Treasury, with a status similar to that of an agency, which aims to maximise Commerce, OGCthe government’s purchasing power for routine items and combine professional expertiseto bear on capital projects.Office of the the government department responsible for discharging the Paymaster General’s statutoryPaymaster General,responsibilities to hold accounts and make payments for government departments and OPGother public bodies.Orange bookthe informal title for Management of Risks: Principles and Concepts, which is published by theTreasury for the guidance of public sector bodies.Office for NationalStatistics, ONS60Managing Public Money

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GLOSSARYOverdraftan account with a negative balance.Parliament’s formal agreement to authorise an activity or expenditure.Prerogative powerspowers exercisable under the Royal Prerogative, ie powers which are unique to the Crown,as contrasted with common-law powers which may be available to the Crown on the samebasis as to natural persons.Primary legislationActs which have been passed by the Westminster Parliament and, where they haveappropriate powers, the Scottish Parliament and the Northern Ireland Assembly. Begin asBills until they have received Royal Assent.arrangements under which a public sector organisation contracts with a private sectorentity to construct a facility and provide associated services of a specified quality over asustained period. See annex 7.5.Proprietythe principle that patterns of resource consumption should respect Parliament’s intentions,conventions and control procedures, including any laid down by the PAC. See box 2.4.Public Accountssee Committee of Public Accounts.CommitteePublic corporationa trading body controlled by central government, local authority or other publiccorporation that has substantial day to day operating independence. See section 7.8.Public Dividend finance provided by government to public sector bodies as an equity stake; an alternative to Capital, PDCloan finance.Public Service sets out what the public can expect the government to deliver with its resources. EveryAgreement, PSAlarge government department has PSA(s) which specify deliverables as targets or aimsrelated to objectives.a structured arrangement between a public sector and a private sector organisation tosecure an outcome delivering good value for money for the public sector. It is classified tothe public or private sector according to which has more control.Rate of returnthe financial remuneration delivered by a particular project or enterprise, expressed as apercentage of the net assets employed.Regularitythe principle that resource consumption should accord with the relevant legislation, therelevant delegated authority and this document. See box 2.4.Request for the functional level into which departmental Estimates may be split. RfRs contain a number Resources, RfRof functions being carried out by the department in pursuit of one or more of thatdepartment’s objectives.Resource accountan accruals account produced in line with the Financial Reporting Manual (FReM).Resource accountingthe system under which budgets, Estimates and accounts are constructed in a similar wayto commercial audited accounts, so that both plans and records of expenditure allow in fullfor the goods and services which are to be, or have been, consumed – ie not just the cashexpended.Resource budgetthe means by which the government plans and controls the expenditure of resources tomeet its objectives.Restitutiona legal concept which allows money and property to be returned to its rightful owner. Ittypically operates where another person can be said to have been unjustly enriched byreceiving such monies.Return on capital the ratio of profit to capital employed of an accounting entity during an identified period.employed, ROCEVarious measures of profit and of capital employed may be used in calculating the ratio.Public Privatepartnership, PPPPrivate Finance Initiative, PFIParliamentaryauthority61Managing Public Money
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GLOSSARYRoyal charterthe document setting out the powers and constitution of a corporation established underprerogative power of the monarch acting on Privy Council advice.Second readingthe second formal time that a House of Parliament may debate a bill, although in practicethe first substantive debate on its content. If successful, it is deemed to denoteParliamentary approval of the principle of the proposed legislation.Secondary legislationlaws, including orders and regulations, which are made using powers in primary legislation.Normally used to set out technical and administrative provision in greater detail thanprimary legislation, they are subject to a less intense level of scrutiny in Parliament.European legislation is,however,often implemented in secondary legislation using powers inthe European Communities Act 1972.Service-level agreement between parties, setting out in detail the level of service to be performed.agreementWhere agreements are between central government bodies, they are not legally a contractbut have a similar function.Shareholder Executive a body created to improve the government’s performance as a shareholder in businesses.Spending reviewsets out the key improvements in public services that the public can expect over a givenperiod. It includes a thorough review of departmental aims and objectives to find the bestway of delivering the government’s objectives, and sets out the spending plans for the givenperiod.State aidstate support for a domestic body or company which could distort EU competition and sois not usually allowed. See annex 4.9.Statement of Excessa formal statement detailing departments’ overspends prepared by the Comptroller andAuditor General as a result of undertaking annual audits.Statement on Internal an annual statement that Accounting Officers are required to make as part of the accounts Control, SICon a range of risk and control issues.Subheadindividual elements of departmental expenditure identifiable in Estimates as single cells, forexample cell A1 being administration costs within a particular line of departmental spending.Supplyresources voted by Parliament in response to Estimates, for expenditure by governmentdepartments.Supply Estimatesa statement of the resources the government needs in the coming financial year, and forwhat purpose(s), by which Parliamentary authority is sought for the planned level ofexpenditure and income.Target rate of returnthe rate of return required of a project or enterprise over a given period, usually at least a year.Third sectorprivate sector bodies which do not act commercially,including charities,social and voluntaryorganisations and other not-for-profit collectives. See annex 7.7.Total Managed a Treasury budgeting term which covers all current and capital spending carried out by the Expenditure,TMEpublic sector (ie not just by central departments).Trading fundan organisation (either within a government department or forming one) which is largely orwholly financed from commercial revenue generated by its activities. Its Estimate shows itsnet impact, allowing its income from receipts to be devoted entirely to its business.Treasury Minutea formal administrative document drawn up by the Treasury, which may serve a wide varietyof purposes including seeking Parliamentary approval for the use of receipts asappropriations in aid, a remission of some or all of the principal of voted loans, andresponding on behalf of the government to reports by the Public Accounts Committee(PAC).62Managing Public Money

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GLOSSARY63Managing Public MoneyValue for moneythe process under which organisation’s procurement, projects and processes aresystematically evaluated and assessed to provide confidence about suitability, effectiveness,prudence,quality,value and avoidance of error and other waste,judged for the public sectoras a whole.Virementthe process through which funds are moved between subheads such that additionalexpenditure on one is met by savings on one or more others.Votethe process by which Parliament approves funds in response to supply Estimates.Voted expenditureprovision for expenditure that has been authorised by Parliament. Parliament ‘votes’authority for public expenditure through the Supply Estimates process. Most expenditureby central government departments is authorised in this way.Wider market activity activities undertaken by central government organisations outside their statutory duties,using spare capacity and aimed at generating a commercial profit. See annex 7.6.Windfallmonies received by a department which were not anticipated in the spending review.

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64Managing Public Money

Англо-русский экономический словарь > near cash
13 Hopkinson, John

SUBJECT AREA: Electricity, Electronics and information technology, Public utilities

[br]

b. 27 July 1849 Manchester, England

d. 27 August 1898 Petite Dent de Veisivi, Switzerland

[br]

English mathematician and electrical engineer who laid the foundations of electrical machine design.

[br]

After attending Owens College, Manchester, Hopkinson was admitted to Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1867 to read for the Mathematical Tripos. An appointment in 1872 with the lighthouse department of the Chance Optical Works in Birmingham directed his attention to electrical engineering. His most noteworthy contribution to lighthouse engineering was an optical system to produce flashing lights that distinguished between individual beacons. His extensive researches on the dielectric properties of glass were recognized when he was elected to a Fellowship of the Royal Society at the age of 29. Moving to London in 1877 he became established as a consulting engineer at a time when electricity supply was about to begin on a commercial scale. During the remainder of his life, Hopkinson's researches resulted in fundamental contributions to electrical engineering practice, dynamo design and alternating current machine theory. In making a critical study of the Edison dynamo he developed the principle of the magnetic circuit, a concept also arrived at by Gisbert Kapp around the same time. Hopkinson's improvement of the Edison dynamo by reducing the length of the field magnets almost doubled its output. In 1890, in addition to-his consulting practice, Hopkinson accepted a post as the first Professor of Electrical Engineering and Head of the Siemens laboratory recently established at King's College, London. Although he was not involved in lecturing, the position gave him the necessary facilities and staff and student assistance to continue his researches. Hopkinson was consulted on many proposals for electric traction and electricity supply, including schemes in London, Manchester, Liverpool and Leeds. He also advised Mather and Platt when they were acting as contractors for the locomotives and generating plant for the City and South London tube railway. As early as 1882 he considered that an ideal method of charging for the supply of electricity should be based on a two-part tariff, with a charge related to maximum demand together with a charge for energy supplied. Hopkinson was one the foremost expert witnesses of his day in patent actions and was himself the patentee of over forty inventions, of which the three-wire system of distribution and the series-parallel connection of traction motors were his most successful. Jointly with his brother Edward, John Hopkinson communicated the outcome of his investigations to the Royal Society in a paper entitled "Dynamo Electric Machinery" in 1886. In this he also described the later widely used "back to back" test for determining the characteristics of two identical machines. His interest in electrical machines led him to more fundamental research on magnetic materials, including the phenomenon of recalescence and the disappearance of magnetism at a well-defined temperature. For his work on the magnetic properties of iron, in 1890 he was awarded the Royal Society Royal Medal. He was a member of the Alpine Club and a pioneer of rock climbing in Britain; he died, together with three of his children, in a climbing accident.

[br]

Principal Honours and Distinctions

FRS 1878. Royal Society Royal Medal 1890. President, Institution of Electrical Engineers 1890 and 1896.

Bibliography

7 July 1881, British patent no. 2,989 (series-parallel control of traction motors). 27 July 1882, British patent no. 3,576 (three-wire distribution).

1901, Original Papers by the Late J.Hopkinson, with a Memoir, ed. B.Hopkinson, 2 vols, Cambridge.

Further Reading

J.Greig, 1970, John Hopkinson Electrical Engineer, London: Science Museum and HMSO (an authoritative account).

—1950, "John Hopkinson 1849–1898", Engineering 169:34–7, 62–4.

GW

Biographical history of technology > Hopkinson, John

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